The International Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possess a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is <ɷ> for standard [ʊ]. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that such things should be indicated with diacritics: ʮ for z̩ʷ is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ has been dropped.

Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Sinologists have used <ɿ> to represent [z̩], a vowel which represents the i in hanzi (see Pinyin).

There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as Æ›, and many Americanist symbols.

While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabye of northern Togo, which has Ɔ � Ŋ Ɣ Ʃ (capital ʃ). Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by unicode are �/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ �/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ � Ɵ Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ.

ɩ	Iota, rejected 1989 in favor of [ɪ]
É·	Closed omega, rejected 1989 in favor of [ÊŠ]
Êš	Closed epsilon, a mistake for [Éž]
ȣ	Ou, a mistake for [ɤ] or [ɣ]
ı	Dotless small i, a mistake for [ɪ]
ɼ	Long-leg R, voiced strident apico-alveolar trill (Czech ř), withdrawn 1989, = [r�]
ɿ	Reversed fishhook R / turned iota, apical dental unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [z̩]
ʅ	Squat reversed esh (actually ɿ with retroflex tail), apical retroflex unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [�̩]
ʮ	turned h with fishhook, apical dental rounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [z̩ʷ]
ʯ	turned h with fishhook and tail, apical retroflex rounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [�̩ʷ]
ȶ	t with curl, voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) plosive, used by Sinologists
È¡	d with curl, voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) plosive, used by Sinologists
ȵ	n with curl, voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) nasal, used by Sinologists
È´	l with curl, voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) lateral approximant, used by Sinologists
t̂ etc.	t with circumflex, etc. = ȶ, etc. below
ᴀ	small capital A, open central vowel used by Sinologists, between [a] and [ɑ], = [ä] used unofficially as an open central vowel.
	Historically, it is used as open back unrounded vowel (now it was changed with [É‘]). See History of the IPA#History.
á´‡	small capital E, mid front unrounded vowel used by Sinologists and some Koreanologists, between [e] and [É›]
ÆŽ	(small) capital turned E, used by some scholars who study Gyeongsang dialect of Korean, between /ã…“/ [ÊŒ] and /ã…¡/ [ɯ~ɨ] in Standard language of South Korea네ì�´ë²„ :: 지ì‹�iN. It can be considered as close-mid near-back unrounded vowel.
ʆ	Curly-tail esh, withdrawn 1989, = [ʃʲ] or [ɕ]
ʓ	Curly-tail ezh, withdrawn 1989, = [ʒʲ] or [ʑ]
ƫ	Left-hook T, withdrawn 1989, = [tʲ]
d̡ etc.	Subscript left hook, superseded 1989 by [dʲ] etc.
ȹ	= [p̪]
ȸ	= [b̪]
σ	= [θʷ, sʷ]
�	= [ðʷ, zʷ]
ƪ	= [ʃʷ]
ƺ	= [ʒʷ]
?	= [Ê”]
k̫ etc.	Subscript w, superseded 1989 by [kʷ] etc.
É‘Ì¢ etc.	= [É‘Ëž] etc. ("retroflex" or r-colored vowels)
ʇ	Turned T, superseded 1989 by [ǀ]
ʖ	Inverted glottal stop, superseded 1989 by [�]
ʗ	Stretched C, superseded 1989 by [ǃ]
Êž	Proposed symbol for velar click, withdrawn 1970
Æ¥ Æ­ ƈ Æ™ Ê	Hooktop P, T, C, K, Q, withdrawn 1993, = [É“Ì¥ É—Ì¥ Ê„ÌŠ É ÌŠ ʛ̊]
ƞ	Right-leg N, withdrawn 1976, = [n̩]
š	Americanist usage, = [ʃ]
ž	Americanist usage, = [ʒ]
�	Americanist usage, = [t͡ʃ]
ǰ, ǧ, ǯ	Americanist, Slavicist etc. usage, = [d͡ʒ]
ł	Americanist usage, = [ɬ]
ƛ	Americanist usage, = [t͡ɬ]
λ	Americanist usage, = [d͡ɮ]
ƾ	Withdrawn 1976, = [t͡s]
k\', etc.	Withdrawn, = [kÌš]
ƻ	Barred two, withdrawn 1976, = [d͡z]
g	"Looptail g" (), an alternative for [É¡], "open-tail g"
G etc.	Uppercase letters not small capitals, respective alternatives for small capital-shaped IPA symbols such as [ɢ], [ɴ], [ʀ], [ʙ], [ʜ], [ʟ], [ɪ], [�] and [ɶ]
k‘In Unicode, both ‘ (U+2018, LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK) and ʻ (U+02BC, MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE) can be used. etc.	Usually used as symbol for "weak" aspiration or sometimes same with "normal" aspiration, [kʰ], etc.
k‛In Unicode, both ‛ (U+201B; SINGLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK) and ʽ (U+02BD; MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA) can be used. etc.	= [k‘], etc. above
kÊ°Ê° etc.	Strong aspiration
k* etc.	Fortis sounds of Korean used by Peter Ladefoged and some Koreanologists. ≒ [k͈], etc. (The asterisk is also the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone.)
K P T etc.	Uppercase letters K, P, T, etc. not small capital, fortis sounds of Korean used by some Koreanologists. = [k*], etc. (see above)
  	Voiceless lateral fricatives (retroflex, palatal and velar)
ẋ	Americanist usage, = [χ]
�	reversed ʀ or Cyrillic ya, voiced epiglottal trill
áµ»	barred small capital I, near-close central unrounded vowel, used by the OED among others
ᵿ	barred small upsilon, near-close central rounded vowel, used by the OED among others
Q	(Small) capital Q, used as a Sokuon symbol in Japanese. This symbol is only used in phonologic descriptions.
∅	A symbol of the empty set is usually used as the meaning of "no sound values." However, in Chinese linguistics, some scholars considered it as "weak" glottal stop or something similar as sound value of the "existent" first consonant of syllables started by a vowel (e.g. �n in Ti�n\'�nmén), and this opinion can be connected with ㅇ (ieung) in hangul. ∅ can be confusing with close-mid front rounded vowel [ø].
C	Uppercase C used as "any consonants"
V	Uppercase V used as "any vowels"
á¹¼	Uppercase V with tilde used as "any nasal vowels"
G	Uppercase G used as "any glides (semivowels)"
ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ etc.	Ligatures were formerly an acceptable way of designating affricates, but approval for them has been withdrawn. Affricates are indicated as a sequence of stop + fricative, either with or without a tie bar: [ts dz tʃ dʒ] etc. or [t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] etc.Pullum, Geoffrey K.; William A. Ladusaw (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide, 2nd edition, University of Chicago Press, 180. ISBN 0-226-68535-7.
ɔ̗, ɔ̖ etc.	The lower-pitched contour tones, in a language which distinguishes more than one rising (ɔ̗) or falling (ɔ̖) tone.

The table below shows official IPA symbols not used as the original definition of IPA.

Footnotes

See also

• Americanist phonetic notation
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet

External links

• A different kind of extended IPA: ^canIPA Natural Phonetics : Luciano Canepari\'s extended version of IPA (500 basic, 300 complementary, and 200 supplementary symbols), with a lot of downloadable PDF\'s

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia